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Et-Es-Go

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Everything posted by Et-Es-Go

  1. Would you mind taking some pictures of the Life Raft story (centerfold story) that is often missing from these books and posting those here as well. Also, I recall a black and whit photo that was posted of a news stand and their was a Suspense Comics #3 on the rack. Does anyone recall that photo, and if so could you post that into this thread as well? Thank you
  2. Could you take some photos of the centerfold life raft story and post those. That is missing from several copies out there, which is considered to be an incomplete copy. Thanks
  3. Ran across this in a trivia type of posting of rare photographs. Conrad Veidt, the original inspiration for the Joker, from the 1928 film "The Man Who Laughs." Conrad Veidt was the master of changing his look to suit his roles, and in The Man Who Laughs he transformed himself completely in order to look like a sideshow freak who was forced to smile for the rest of his life. More similar to The Hunchback of Notre Dame than modern horror films, Veidt’s turn as the character has influenced both the horror genre and one of the most beloved villains of the 20th century. While creating the initial design for the Joker, Batman’s nemesis, the artists behind the world’s greatest detective studied Veidt’s look and used it to create their favorite forever smiling character. This is what Bob Kane had to say about the origin of the Joker. "Bill Finger and I created the Joker. Bill was the writer. Jerry Robinson came to me with a playing card of the Joker. That's the way I sum it up. But he looks like Conrad Veidt — you know, the actor in The Man Who Laughs, [the 1928 movie based on the novel] by Victor Hugo. There's a photo of Conrad Veidt in my biography, Batman & Me. So Bill Finger had a book with a photograph of Conrad Veidt and showed it to me and said, 'Here's the Joker.'"
  4. After searching Google with the sunken ships name (Zaandam) I found a little more information. Attached is a picture of the ship, and presumably the three survivors from the life raft.
  5. From time to time you find some very intriguing things using Google. Some golden age collectors here will recall that there is a 6 page story in Suspense Comic #3 which is found missing from a number of copies out there in the census, my own copy is missing the entire story. In recent history someone posted the entire 6-page story on Ebay for sale, and I took the liberty of making copies of the pages that they did scan and post with the listing (thus missing a couple). Back to the Google search, I found this true account from one of the survivors of that life raft story that was interviewed. So the story in Suspense #3 is taken from a true story of five men surviving their ship being sunk by a submarine, and then spending 83 days in a life raft before being rescued. Only three survived. The names and accounts of the details in the true story align with the comic version so well that it cannot be a coincidence. See attached images for the pages of the comic book story, and here is the true story account.... Oral History - Battle of the Atlantic, 1941-1945 Recollections of Seaman Second Class Basil D. Izzi, USNR, an Armed Guard crew member on the Dutch merchant ship SS Zaandam which was torpedoed by German submarine U-174 off the coast of Brazil. He was rescued after 83 days adrift on a raft, 2 Nov 1942 - 24 Jan 1943. Adapted From: Basil Izzi interview in box 15 of World War II Interviews, Archives, Naval History and Heritage Command. I was torpedoed on November 2nd on a Tuesday afternoon about 4 o'clock. It was a clear day and the sun was shining bright. About 4:15 we were in my cabin playing cards, four of the fellows besides myself. Our radio man walked in and told us our position, where we were and everything. He just walked out and as soon as he walked out our first torpedo [fired by German submarine U-174] struck us. We got up and ran out to the door, we were trying to get to the guns but the shortest way was blocked by the wreckage from the torpedo from topside, so we had to go back inside the ship and through the lounge up on the next deck [as] the easiest way we could get to the guns. When we were getting there we saw the ship's crew was letting the rafts get underway. Well, after the first torpedo the ship didn't stop right away, it kept on going for a few hundred yards, and when the rafts did hit the water they just drifted off. We got back to the guns and our gunnery officer radioed down [to check] if everything was all set, and we told him yes. Everybody was in their positions, loaded the gun, and were looking around to see if they could see the submarine, but there was no submarine sin sight. At that time there was nobody jumping off the ship and no abandon ship was given as yet. There were three lifeboats on the starboard side that were pretty well loaded but the Captain didn't let them down yet. A few minutes after that we got struck by the second torpedo and the ship started sinking rapidly. Everybody started jumping over the side, there was a lot of screaming and panic going on, everybody was nervous, and the boats on the portside were damaged by both torpedoes. Two lifeboats on the starboard side got off safely and the third one didn't get off so safely, it had a hole in it's side. By that time the gun crews were about the only one left on the ship, so we started jumping over the side, some over the stern. Well, I jumped over the stern and it was at a great height. When I got into the water, I found wreckage that I hung onto, and I swan as fast as I could away from the ship. I was hanging on to that wreckage for all that afternoon and that night and all the next day. Early that morning I spotted this raft which I was on for 83 days. I saw that there were four men on it which I couldn't recognize then from the distance where I was, so I started swimming to them and finally got there. When I did get there, they gave me some chocolate, milk, and a little bit of water. We started talking about the days that we spent in the water just hanging on to the wreckage. Finally, when I got there, I found out it was my gunnery officer, another sailor and two Dutchmen. One of the Dutchmen belonged to the ship's crew of the ship I was on. He was in the engine room. We slept pretty well that day, and we didn't see anything at all, we didn't see any more bodies, no planes or ships coming out. The next day came, and we thought we would have to start pulling watches day and night. In the daytime we pulled watches for about 10 minutes, and in the nighttime maybe an hour or two hours. We did that until about the 35th day when we got so weak that we couldn't pull watches anymore. Our food lasted for 16 days, we rationed it out in very small pieces, chocolate, and very small rations of water. For a while they were feeding these hardtack biscuits to the birds as we thought for a while that we would get picked up. After our food ran out, we still had little water, but we had to get some food somewhere, so we had a line about 12 feet long and we made it into a running bowline like a lasso, and we hung it over the side, and we knew that the sharks would come under the raft to attack us. We hung our toes or hands or feet in the water. So, we did that for a while and we didn't succeed at first, but the second time a shark did go through the rope, and we pulled it and caught it by its tail. We took that shark aboard and hit it with everything we had, we hit it with the paddle, we had a knife, and we took its heart out and liver, and still the heart was beating for 15 minutes after we took it out. We ate the heart and liver first and after that we cut some of the white meat off its back. Well, that was tough, and it was very dry, but we ate a little of that anyway. We cut some more off, and we put it in a food container, which by this time was empty, to try to see if it would be good tomorrow, the next day. We got up the next morning and we found that the meat wasn't any good and it wasn't fit to eat so we had to throw that overboard. That was the first fish that we caught. At nighttime there were a lot of birds fishing around, and they would come and roost on the raft on account of the water being so rough they couldn't ride the waves so they would come onto the raft and rest, so we would just creep up behind them and catch them. We caught about 25 of those birds the same way. One day we caught about eight little fishes, like sardines, these big green fish would fight on the outside and the little fish would get scared and would come inside the cracks of the raft and we would just catch them with our hands, and sometimes we would have bait from a bird, sometimes we used the head or the intestines. It was Thanksgiving Day we had our best meal. It was late in the afternoon about 3:30 and this bird came flying like it wanted to get on the raft and yet didn't want to, so finally the bird rested on the water alongside the raft and one of the boys wanted to jump in the water to get this bird, but we told him to wait awhile, probably, the bird would come on the raft or come closer. It didn't come any closer, so this young Dutchman took a leap, and we held him as he leaped over the side of the raft and caught this bird by its neck. That was Thanksgiving Day, and we had a very big amount of meat to eat. We ate that about an hour and a half--that's how long it took to eat that bird. On the 20th day we saw our first ship. We burned flares and we waved our hands and waved our shirts, but the ship, I guess, didn't see us so we felt kind of bad but still we thought that probably another ship would come by, and a ship did come by the next day. It was late in the afternoon about 4:30. We did about the same thing, we also burned flares, we had four left and we burned three. We waved a flag and our shirts. We had a yellow cloth there that we used to wave so that ship might have seen that bright color. That ship struck around a good time but finally went off. About three weeks later we saw a large ship, but it was so far away that we didn't even attempt to try to let them see us. The days would go on and sometimes we would be without food for two or three days, sometimes without water for four and the longest we were out of water was for six days. On the sixty-sixth day one of the sailors died on the raft. Before he died, he was sick a long time, somewhere around a month or five weeks. He was very sick, complained of pains in his stomach, he went blind in one of his eyes, and he couldn't hear out of one of his ears. He suffered quite a bit and on the night of the 65th day he was groaning, and he talked out of his mind, people that we didn't know of he talked about. We put him a dry spot on the raft for that night and when we woke up the next morning, he was dead. My gunnery officer was sick at the same time but not as bad and he said that he hoped that he wasn't next, but he was next. He died on the seventy-sixth day, but he didn't suffer as bad as Beazley did. We said prayers for them, and we buried them at sea. Well, the three of us were left and we hoped that if anybody else was going to die that all three of us would die together. On the eighty-second day we saw our first airplane and it was so high that we didn't think that they saw us. But early the next morning this same type of plane came back again. It was not as high but was at a far distance. So, then we knew that we were near land and we thought probably some convoy was coming out of some port. About an hour later we saw smoke at the horizon then it disappeared. Later on, it came back and then more smoke and more. That went on for about one hour and finally we could see masts of all these merchant ships, and we saw one destroyer and we saw another which we thought was a destroyer which was a PC boat [submarine chaser, 173-foot class, crew of 59, armament was 3" deck gun and depth charges] that picked us up. We had one of the Dutchmen stand up, we held him by his knees so he wouldn't fall down while he was waving his flag. He waved this flag and we saw this ship would turn around and head one way and then it would head the other way. One time he said--"Well, it looks like it is not coming to pick us up," but we told him not to give up, to keep on waving that flag. The fellow on the starboard watch [on the PC boat later] said he spotted us about 5,000 yards. He said he called the skipper up and the skipper looked through his binoculars and said it was a life raft, so he signaled to the commander escort vessels [and] said he was going to investigate a raft. They were coming full speed ahead for us and a gush of smoke came from the starboard side of the ship and the Dutchman thought they got hit by a torpedo and he says--"Gee, they got hit by a torpedo." I turned around and looked, there was smoke over the side, but I knew it wasn't a torpedo, the ship kept on going. They were blinking their lights and the fellows waving flags, and then we knew that they spotted us. They pulled alongside and they dropped the ladder off the side, and they helped us climb aboard and the first thing they gave us was peaches. That Dutchman hollered for beans, but they said that beans were kind of heavy, so they gave him peaches. It started raining after that, and they took us down below and gave us some more peaches. I was on that ship for eleven days when we finally pulled into a civilian port, and I was brought to a Naval Dispensary there for one month. From there I flew by plane to Miami, from Miami to Washington, and they brought me to the Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Interviewer: What was the name of the ship you were on? Izzi: It was the S.S. Zaandam Interviewer: And you were sailing from where? Izzi: The last port we stopped at was Cape Town, Africa. Interviewer: How many days were you out there when you were torpedoed? Izzi: I would say about a week and a half. Interviewer: In other words, you were entirely across the southern Atlantic, did you? Izzi: Well, we were only 12 days from New York, so that would make us just around the bulge of Brazil. Interviewer: For the record you had better state your rating. Izzi: Seaman, Second Class. I am a member of the armed guard gun crew. Interviewer: Did you have any life preserver on when you jumped off the ship? Izzi: Yes, I did. Interviewer: Were you by yourself on that wreckage or were there some other people around you? Izzi: Well, sometimes you would bump into somebody, Sir, and sometimes you would be alone. At nighttime you just bump against debris, and you would hear fellows hollering because a shark would either get his arm or leg and you couldn't see him at all. Interviewer: Did sharks ever come near you? Izzi: I saw some of them come but I just kept kicking my feet and they didn't seem to bother me that way. Interviewer: That raft, of course, that these men on that you met, had they been on the raft since they left the ship? Izzi: No, they picked it up a few hours before I did. Three of the men found it and my gunnery officer got on it about an hour before I did. I was the last man to get on. Interviewer: Can you give us the names of the men of that raft? Izzi: There was my gunnery officer, James Maddox; there was a sailor that was on the same ship I was, Seaman 2nd class George Beazley; the two Dutchmen Vanderslot and Mikelhugandown; and there was a sailor that was on another merchant ship. Interviewer: Was there another ship torpedoed near there at the same time yours was? Izzi: Not the same time, no, when we were coming down the Indian Ocean [toward Cape Town] these two boys, Mikelhugandown and Beazley, they were on different ships and they also got torpedoed going to their destination, and they were picked up by the British escorts and brought to Cape Town, that is where we picked them up. Interviewer: Did I understand you say, when you were on the raft, something about seeing bodies in the water? Izzi: No, I wouldn't say that. Before I got on this raft you would see bodies in the water. Interviewer: What do you make of the first ship that stayed around several days and then cruised away? Izzi: Well, it didn't stay that long, we didn't mind it at first because we thought that they were scared to come over, we thought they thought there would be a submarine around there. We thought probably they pulled into a port and let somebody else come out. Interviewer: Could you tell the nationality of the ship? Izzi: No, we couldn't. Interviewer: Did anybody keep a log while you were on the raft? Izzi: Yes Sir, we tried to keep a log on a flare can, it was made of copper, but the salt water would hit it and it would just rust away. Interviewer: Do you save any souvenirs from the trip? Izzi: Yes Sir, I saved the drinking cup that we had aboard the raft. Interviewer: Beside these services for men who died, did you have any religious service on the raft? Izzi: Yes, before anyone died, we used to have services, like every night before we would go to bed. Each man would say his prayers or sometimes one man would say them for the whole party. Interviewer: Was your family notified that you were missing while you were on the raft? Izzi: Yes, they were notified November the 18th that I was missing, and they were notified again February 1st that I was picked up. Interviewer: What was the name of the rescue ship, do you know? Izzi: It was a PC boat 576 [U.S. Navy submarine chasers were not named - PC 576 was built in Dravo, Delaware in 1942], an American boat, a small patrol boat. It was escorting a convoy from Trinidad. Interviewer: How about your weight? Izzi: My regular weight is around 145 but when I got picked up, I weighed something like 85 pounds. Right now, I am just a few pounds out of the way [i.e., short of regular weight]. I am going to make a country tour in a few more days and after I finish that I am going to take about two months leave and then return to the hospital here in Bethesda. Interviewer: You are going to talk to war plants? Izzi: Yes Sir, I am. Note: Dutch merchant ship SS Zaandam, bound for New York, carrying 8600 tons of chrome and copper ore as well as 600 tons of general cargo, had a crew of 112, 18 armed guards and 169 passengers including survivors from four previously sunk ships. The only survivors were a group of three including Basil Izzi. 11 December 2000 Published: Mon Sep 21 07:50:04 EDT 2015
  6. I do remember as a kid seeing the commercials and then the cereal at the store. Being a little squirt at the time mom's took you along for grocery shopping. I vividly recall digging through the piggy bank for 35 cents and sending in the two proof of purchase seals of the cereal box to get my full set of seven Freakies. I checked the mail box every day. Ralston used 3rd class mail so it took forever for the package to arrive. To this day I have all of those original seven, they are in that shadow box picture. Where I grew up (Colorado) was a test market, so not all parts of the country had a shot at getting the rubber figures. Later they became hard plastic and cast in the colors that they were intended to be on the front of the cereal box. You can find them from time to time on Ebay. Their marketing plan was to always include some premium within the box of cereal, but for me the little rubber guys were always the best. You can get into your way back machine and watch the commercials on You Tube. This marketing campaign was genius now that I look back on it. The folks that built and designed this whole thing also had a great deal of fun building it and seeing its response and success. Yup, those were fun times. I had no bills to pay, and no job. I was about 10 or 11. Wish I still had that really cool bike my dad got for me. Here is another fund picture. Original artwork still from the commercial spots they did.
  7. These little guys were premiums in cereal in the early 1970s'. Here are a few pictures to share. There was a figure in every box, but you could also send away for the entire set plus the poster.
  8. Some time ago I had posted a few pictures of this Buck Rogers statue I had picked up off of Ebay, because it looked to be in the style Calkin's golden age Buck Rogers. I did not know what it was made for and posted it here on the boards to see if any one else did. Thus it remained a mystery until I saw another just like it. It was in a Worthpoint auction and came with the provenance and documentation stating exactly what these were made for. The last two pictures are of the one I bought from Ebay. Hope folks find this interesting. Here is the excerpt from the auction description: Buck Rogers pulp era Figurine/Statue atop North American Aviation "Buc Trimmer" Award, given in August, 1964. Includes: 2 pages of original period documentation. This piece comes to us from the estate of Alvy Paul Shultz (1915-2005), a gentleman that worked at North American Aviation and its successor North American Rockwell (later Rockwell International) for almost his entire working career. He started with them in1941 when he was in his mid-20's, and completed 35 years of service in 1976. During his career, he was involved with projects that included the S-II second stage of the Saturn V rocket (contracted to North American Aviation in September, 1961), the Apollo Command/Service Module (contracted in November, 1961), and later the XB-70a Valkyrie supersonic research aircraft (with work beginning in late 1964).In August, 1964, Mr. Shultz won the "Buc Trimmer" award/trophy that we are offering in this listing. He was the supervisor of department 065, Metal Structures Development, and he proposed changes that resulted in savings to the company of over $210,000. Included with the award is the original Operations Improvement Program Achievement Certificate that was given to Mr. Shultz, plus a copy (appears to be a mimeograph, a common stencil based printing technology of that time) of an internal letter that he received that provides more details about the award, and is hand marked "Our Hero!" at the bottom by one of his colleagues. Mr. Shultz went on to even greater success in later years, and we will be offering additional aviation and space program items of his in our upcoming listings. The "Buc Trimmer" award is rarely seen today, given that these were issued only to select personnel, and it has been roughly 50 years since any were given out. This is one of the earlier ones, and it has an extra large size figurine mounted to its top surface. Given the futuristic focus of the company, and the name of the company award, it is only fitting that the goofy looking guy is the original science fiction character Buck Rogers as he was imagined by American comic strip artist(Lt.) Richard Williams "" Calkins (1894-1962).The pulp era Buck Rogers made his debut in1929 and continued on with the same look throughout the 1930's. Buck is complete with all his early iconic features including boots, guns, a jet pack, plus a goofy looking helmet. The figurine itself measures 8 inches high, 3-3/4 inches wide, and 2 inches deep. The wooden base is 2 inches high, 6-1/2 inches wide, and 2-1/2 inches deep. The pieces together weigh 2 pounds 11 ounces. From the heft of the piece, we believe that the figurine is solid, with an exterior surface that looks silver plated (which would be typical of awards of the time).
  9. I was able to marry a very nice interior to a cover to make this book. I had to settle for a cover recreation, so this is the poor man's version of an Amazing Man #22.
  10. Thank you Mr. Strange (A.B.), I was never aware of that tidbit. I agree, my copy is a denotation of the issue number only so the potential for it being a MH is greatly diminished. Somebody out there must have it................
  11. I agree completely. The Suspense and Terrific runs were a central focus for my collection. The #4 is definitely harder to come by in grade. The Crippen copy at 7.5 holds the highest distinction. The raw copy in this photograph was purchased back in 1995 sounds like along time ago now. The cover proof (framed version) was uncovered about month later. I had a unique opportunity to have a few conversations with Leonard Cole in 1995 that gave me insight as to where I might look for it, I was lucky. I was surprised to see the Mile High copy of Suspense #3 surface in 2017, but what was interesting about the front cover was a 4 written in pencil in the upper right hand corner of the front cover. My raw copy also has a neatly penciled NO. 4 in the upper right hand corner that is similar to that of the Suspense #3. Mile High books have a unique odor about them (which I have witnessed), probably a feature that has been lost over time to the slabbing of books. This book may have that characteristic odor, but maybe just wishful thinking on my part. I have no way of verifying the books providence once I obtained it or where it came from prior to the chap I bought it from. The post is meant to be enjoyed, a picture of a couple of rare books and the cover proof. It doesn't get much cooler than that for me!
  12. I looked at some old scans and sure enough I have a copy of that Silver Streak no number with the little black rooster on it, for Weather-Bird Shoes.
  13. Not only hooded bad guys, but Big Eared and Bug Eyed minions as well. Many of his MM covers that are noted as bondage often have creepy guys like this on the cover as well.
  14. Artistic credit from top left to right are: Charles Quinlin, Alex Schomburg, Leonard Cole, Mr. Schomburg again, and Briefer. The Silver Streak book has no number so it is a bit odd. I have seen copies of this book with a little black rooster on the cover, and it looked like a give away promotion for a shoe company. The book does not seem to be incredibly hard to find, but I posted it as it fits the genre. The Torture Meter Scale has these settings: Mild Pain, Shooting Pains, Severe Headaches, Unbearable Agony, Near Death, and finally Death. A pretty significant jump from headache to severe agony in my opinion. How did they calibrate that thing?
  15. I have been a fan of the hooded bad guys on golden age covers. Why are they always planning to damage the ladies? I was going to have my All New #8 in this shot as well only to discover I sold it many years ago, dumbazz huh. Here is a shot of hooded bad guys and the ladies being saved by our heroes.
  16. And here are a couple of Heshka recreations.
  17. I was inspired by comicjack to put all of my Chesler books together for this shot.
  18. That is a very cool little piece of trivia. He would have been about 47 years old in this picture.
  19. I am looking for cover wrap, or only the front cover for Amazing-Man 22 (Green Gorilla Cover, you know it). I also need 4 center wraps for a Whirlwind #3 (A Hillman Publication) I am also on the hunt for a cover proof of Suspense Comics that sold way back when in a Wooley's auction in 1983 I have some early Exciting Comics (#2, #4, and #5) that can be organ donors if you need pages from those books.
  20. What I think helps is to visualize this weird comic book construction by getting sheets of paper and fold them in half as if they were all going to be stapled at the spine together to form a comic book. Ignore the front and back cover and the inside of that outer wrap folio in this example. Also get four half pages that you can tape or glue to folios in the front half of the book. If you have 12 sheets of paper and fold each of them in half, then nest them one on top of the other you should have 4 pages per folio, 2 front of folio and 2 on the back. So this gives you 48 pages. So now visualize that first folio, normally it would be page 1 and 2 of the book, and the last two pages of the book. A single page (half a folio) is tipped in and glued to the inside of the first folio. It is glued to page two. On folio four the next tipped in page is glued to the inside of that folio as well. This would be page 11 & 12 if you are counting pages from page 1. On folio nine the next tipped in page is glued to the outside of the folio, so this would be pages 21 & 22. The last tipped in page is glued to the outside of the centerfold folio (12th folio), making this pages 29 & 30. All the tipped in pages are before the true centerfold. 32 pages to the centerfold 24 pages after the centerfold 56 pages total and this does not include the front and inside cover wrap.
  21. Some time ago I scanned a complete copy of Suspense Comics #3, so I will do some digging to see if I can retrieve that file and post the life raft centerfold story. Art was by L.B. Cole and this was in his prime time. Meanwhile, I do have a very nice Suspense Comics #3 cover that was restored using Photoshop to what the book likely looked like on the news stand. What kid would not pay a dime for this book? If the resolution for viewing is not quite right I will see if I can fix it. The raw data file is too big for upload.
  22. Do share the whole story please. I'm still surprised that after all these years some books still come out of wherever they have been hiding for decades.
  23. It's been a long time since I trolled the boards or posted anything, but that copy the Digital Comic Museum has the scans of is mine. It is indeed missing the centerfold story, and that story does have a page tipped in and glued to the folio. My theory is that the books that are deemed incomplete I believe are usually missing the entire centerfold story, not just the tipped-in page. It is not hard to imagine that a number of copies were assembled and sent out to distribution without the centerfold story. Holyoke did this with a few other titles around this same time frame, Terrific Comics, Catman, and Captain Aero. The practice employed on Suspense Comics #1, #2, #3, Terrific #1, and #2 had the following: 1) Page 3 is glued to first folio (inside of folio) 2) Page 11 is glued to fourth folio (inside folio) 3) Page 21 is glued to ninth folio (outside of folio) 4) Page 29 is glued to twelfth folio (outside of folio) and this one is the centerfold story. So there are 12 total folios comprising a total of 4 pages per folio, so 48 pages. Add the four tipped-in individual pages before the centerfold and you have a 56 page book. 32 pages before the centerfold and 24 after the centerfold. They stopped that nonsense and stuck to 48 page books thereafter. The centerfold story by the way did feature L.B. Cole artwork and story by Jerald Altman. Another thing that adds a little more mystic to the Suspense #3 is the last panel in the Life Raft story says; "And so after 83 days, they were rescued, thus ending one of the most harrowing adventures ever experienced by Man! Don't miss the next Terrific Comics!" So that centerfold story seems to have been originally meant for an issue of Terrific Comics. Suspense and Terrific alternated with each other every other month. This was about the time that L.B. Cole came into Holyoke and Charles Quinlan departed. Cole's first cover for Holyoke was Terrific #3.